JSS3 Exam Questions and Answers for 2025

Preparing for the upcoming academic assessments can be a challenging task, but with the right approach, success is within reach. Understanding the structure of the test, focusing on key subjects, and developing effective study habits are all crucial components of a successful preparation strategy.

Mastering the material requires a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Focusing on core areas such as mathematics, sciences, and language arts will help build a strong foundation. Additionally, reviewing past exams and practice papers can provide insight into the types of topics likely to be covered and how to tackle them effectively.

Effective preparation goes beyond memorization. Time management and strategic revision are essential to ensure you can answer questions with confidence and clarity. Being well-prepared mentally and physically will not only help you tackle the challenges with ease but also boost your overall performance.

Comprehensive School Assessment Preparation

Effective preparation for academic evaluations involves more than simply reviewing notes. It requires understanding the structure, identifying key areas of focus, and honing the skills needed to perform well under pressure. A well-rounded approach includes time management, subject-specific techniques, and mental readiness for the assessment day.

Key Areas to Focus On

When preparing for your upcoming assessments, it’s essential to prioritize certain topics that are commonly tested. By focusing on these areas, you can ensure that you’re well-equipped to handle a variety of questions that may arise. Below are some critical subjects to consider:

Subject	Focus Areas
Mathematics	Algebra, Geometry, Word Problems
Science	Physics Basics, Biology, Chemical Reactions
English Language	Grammar, Reading Comprehension, Writing Skills
Social Studies	Geography, History, Civics
Computer Studies	Basic Programming, Computer Functions

Creating a Study Schedule

Developing a study plan is crucial for staying on track. A structured schedule allows you to allocate time efficiently, ensuring that each subject receives the attention it needs. Make sure to include regular breaks to avoid burnout, and try to balance your revision time with healthy activities that will help you stay focused.

Key Subjects for Academic Assessments

Understanding the core subjects and their specific areas of focus is essential when preparing for upcoming evaluations. These subjects typically form the foundation of your academic performance, and mastering them can significantly boost your chances of success. A strong grasp of the following key areas will help you feel confident and prepared when it’s time to take the test.

Core Subject Areas

Several subjects are essential to the curriculum and often feature prominently in assessments. Below are the primary subjects you should focus on:

• Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics
• Science: Physics, Biology, Chemistry
• English Language: Grammar, Composition, Reading Comprehension
• Social Studies: History, Geography, Political Studies
• Computer Science: Basic Programming, Digital Literacy

Additional Subjects to Consider

In addition to the main subjects, there are a few others that can enhance your overall preparation. These may not always carry as much weight but are still important for building a well-rounded understanding:

1. Physical Education: Fitness, Health Education
2. Creative Arts: Music, Art, Drama
3. French Language: Vocabulary, Sentence Construction, Listening Skills

Understanding the Assessment Format for 2025

Familiarizing yourself with the structure of upcoming academic evaluations is a crucial step in preparing effectively. By understanding how the assessment is organized, what types of tasks you’ll face, and how each section is weighted, you can tailor your preparation to match the specific requirements. Knowing the format allows you to approach each section strategically, boosting both your confidence and performance.

Types of Assessment Sections

Typically, assessments are divided into multiple sections, each testing different skills and knowledge areas. Below are the common types of tasks you can expect:

• Multiple Choice: Short questions with several answer options; aim to test your quick thinking and knowledge recall.
• Short Answer: Questions requiring brief written responses; designed to assess understanding and application of concepts.
• Essay/Long Answer: Open-ended questions asking for detailed explanations or analysis; these assess critical thinking and writing ability.
• Practical Tasks: Applied activities or problems, particularly in subjects like science and computing, that assess practical skills.

Scoring and Time Allocation

Each section of the assessment is typically assigned a specific number of points, and managing your time efficiently is essential to maximize your score. Pay attention to the time limits for each section and allocate your time based on the point value of each task. Prioritize sections that carry more weight but don’t neglect smaller sections that can contribute valuable marks.

Tips for Answering Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple choice tests are a common part of academic assessments. To perform well in this section, it’s important to approach each task with a strategy. Understanding how to quickly eliminate incorrect options and use reasoning skills will help you navigate these types of questions effectively. Here are some key strategies for improving your performance.

Key Strategies for Success

Effective techniques can increase your chances of choosing the correct response, even when you’re unsure. Below are some helpful tips:

• Read Carefully: Always read the question and all available options thoroughly before selecting an answer.
• Eliminate Obvious Errors: Cross out answers that are clearly incorrect, which narrows down your choices.
• Look for Keywords: Identify important words in the question that can guide you to the right option.
• Use Logical Reasoning: If you’re unsure, use logic to evaluate the remaining choices.
• Don’t Overthink: Trust your first instinct unless you find a clear mistake in your reasoning.

Understanding Question Patterns

Some multiple choice sections follow predictable patterns. Recognizing these patterns can give you an advantage. For example, if several options seem similar, the correct answer is often the one that includes the most specific or complete information. Check for subtle clues in the wording to guide your choice.

Option	Strategy
A	Quickly dismiss if it’s too general or doesn’t fit the question context.
B	Consider if it matches your initial reading of the question closely.
C	Check for any minor details that may make it the most accurate choice.
D	Review last, especially if it’s similar to other options but with a slight variation.

How to Manage Time Effectively

Time management is a vital skill for achieving success during academic assessments. Knowing how to allocate your time efficiently can significantly impact your performance. By prioritizing tasks, setting realistic goals, and avoiding distractions, you can ensure that each section of the test receives the appropriate amount of attention, ultimately boosting your chances of success.

Strategies for Effective Time Allocation

Developing a structured approach to time management will help you navigate the assessment confidently. Consider the following strategies:

• Understand the Time Limits: Before you begin, read the instructions carefully and note the total time allocated. Break it down per section, giving more time to tasks that carry higher marks.
• Set a Time Per Question: Estimate how much time you can afford for each question based on its complexity. Stick to this timeframe to avoid spending too long on any one task.
• Don’t Overthink: If you find yourself stuck, move on to the next question and return to the challenging ones later. This will help you maintain momentum.
• Use a Timer: Bring a watch or set an alarm to track time. Regularly check it to ensure you stay on pace and avoid rushing toward the end.

Dealing with Time Pressure

As the clock ticks down, it’s easy to feel pressured, but staying calm is crucial. Break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks and tackle them systematically. If you encounter difficulties, remain composed and focus on completing what you know well. This approach will help you cover more ground efficiently.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Academic Assessments

During academic evaluations, students often make certain errors that can negatively impact their performance. Avoiding these common pitfalls requires awareness and preparation. By understanding typical mistakes and knowing how to sidestep them, you can improve your chances of achieving the best possible results.

One of the most frequent mistakes is poor time management, which can lead to rushed or incomplete answers. Another common error is not reading the instructions carefully, leading to misunderstandings and missed points. In addition, students sometimes spend too much time on difficult questions and neglect easier ones, which can cost valuable time.

Being mindful of these issues and taking steps to prevent them is key to performing at your best during any academic challenge. Avoiding these mistakes will help you approach the test with confidence and ensure that you can maximize your strengths.

Effective Study Strategies for Success

Achieving success in academic assessments requires more than just reviewing notes. It’s about adopting effective study techniques that maximize retention and understanding. By using proven methods, you can improve your focus, minimize distractions, and enhance your ability to recall information when needed most.

Top Study Techniques

Here are some strategies that can help you study more efficiently:

• Active Recall: Test yourself regularly to reinforce memory retention. Instead of passively reading, try to recall key concepts from memory.
• Spaced Repetition: Review material at increasing intervals to help reinforce long-term memory. This technique prevents cramming and encourages consistent learning.
• Study Groups: Collaborating with classmates can help fill knowledge gaps and clarify difficult topics. Teaching others can also strengthen your understanding.
• Summarization: After studying a topic, write a brief summary in your own words. This will help reinforce key concepts and make them easier to recall.

Creating a Productive Study Environment

The environment where you study plays a significant role in how effectively you learn. Consider these tips for optimizing your workspace:

• Minimize Distractions: Find a quiet, well-lit space where you can focus. Keep your phone and other distractions away while you study.
• Organize Your Materials: Have all necessary materials such as textbooks, notebooks, and pens within reach. An organized space reduces stress and saves time.
• Set Clear Goals: Break your study sessions into manageable tasks. Setting specific objectives will help you stay focused and motivated.

How to Prepare for Mathematics Questions

Mathematics requires a systematic approach to ensure a strong grasp of concepts and problem-solving techniques. Preparation for math-related tasks involves more than just memorizing formulas. It’s about developing a deep understanding of core principles, practicing consistently, and refining your approach to different types of problems.

Mastering Key Mathematical Concepts

Before diving into solving problems, focus on mastering the foundational concepts. These are the building blocks that will help you tackle more complex challenges. Here’s how to approach this:

• Understand Theories and Formulas: Don’t just memorize formulas–understand where they come from and how they apply to different scenarios.
• Focus on Core Topics: Topics such as algebra, geometry, and arithmetic form the basis for most math problems. Make sure you’re comfortable with the key principles in each area.
• Work on Word Problems: Practice translating real-world situations into mathematical equations. This will enhance your ability to think critically and solve practical problems.

Practicing Problem-Solving Techniques

The more problems you solve, the more familiar you become with different question formats. Practice is essential in mathematics preparation, and here’s how to make it count:

• Consistent Practice: Regularly solve practice problems to reinforce what you’ve learned. Focus on a variety of problem types to strengthen your skills.
• Time Yourself: Simulate real test conditions by timing yourself while solving problems. This will help improve your speed and accuracy.
• Review Mistakes: When you make a mistake, take the time to understand what went wrong and how to correct it. This reflection process will help prevent similar errors in the future.

Mastering Science Topics for Success

To excel in scientific subjects, it’s essential to develop a solid understanding of core principles and concepts. Science involves both theoretical knowledge and practical application, so mastering key topics requires focused study and consistent practice. This process involves breaking down complex ideas, experimenting with real-life examples, and refining your problem-solving skills.

Key Scientific Principles to Focus On

Start by identifying the fundamental areas that form the foundation of science subjects. Mastering these core topics will help you build the confidence needed to tackle more advanced material:

• Physical Science: Focus on understanding the laws of motion, energy, forces, and simple machines. Develop a strong grasp of basic principles in physics to support your understanding of other scientific concepts.
• Biology: Familiarize yourself with human anatomy, plant biology, ecosystems, and the classification of living organisms. Understanding how life functions is critical for this subject.
• Chemistry: Practice balancing chemical equations, understanding elements, compounds, and reactions. Building a good foundation in chemistry is key for solving more complex problems.

Practical Application and Experimentation

Theoretical knowledge is vital, but applying what you’ve learned in practical scenarios enhances your comprehension and critical thinking skills. To succeed in science:

• Perform Experiments: Engage in hands-on activities to see concepts in action. Observing scientific principles in real-time will deepen your understanding.
• Ask Questions: Don’t hesitate to inquire about concepts that are unclear. Discussing topics with peers or teachers can provide valuable insights and reinforce your learning.
• Connect Theory to Reality: Relate what you learn in class to everyday life situations. Understanding the real-world applications of scientific principles will make the subject more engaging and easier to remember.

How to Approach English Questions

Mastering language tasks requires a blend of comprehension, writing skills, and an understanding of grammar. The key to excelling in language-related assessments is knowing how to approach various types of tasks. By developing strategies that help you break down each prompt, you can enhance both your understanding and expression of ideas, leading to clearer and more effective responses.

One of the first steps is to thoroughly read the instructions or prompts. Taking the time to understand exactly what is being asked is crucial to formulating a coherent and relevant response. This may involve identifying key points in a passage or interpreting questions that require critical thinking or creative answers.

Breaking Down Reading Comprehension Tasks

When tackling reading comprehension, it’s important to read the passage carefully, noting key details. Here’s how to approach these types of tasks:

• Identify Main Ideas: Look for the central theme of the passage. This helps you answer related questions accurately.
• Pay Attention to Vocabulary: Understanding the meaning of unfamiliar words is essential for grasping the full meaning of the text.
• Summarize Paragraphs: Condense each section into a few key points to improve retention and clarify your understanding.

Approaching Writing Tasks

Writing tasks often require you to organize your thoughts into a coherent structure. Follow these tips to approach writing effectively:

• Plan Before Writing: Jot down key points before you start writing. This will help you stay focused and ensure your ideas are well-organized.
• Use Clear and Concise Language: Be direct and specific in your writing to ensure your points are communicated effectively.
• Review and Revise: Always leave time to proofread your work for errors and make necessary improvements. Clear, error-free writing will help you achieve better results.

Important Social Studies Concepts

Understanding the core principles of society and human interaction is essential in social studies. This subject covers a wide range of topics that explore how individuals and communities function, how history shapes modern life, and how different cultures influence one another. Mastering these concepts not only deepens your knowledge but also enhances your ability to analyze and think critically about the world around you.

Some key areas that are crucial to grasp include political systems, economic structures, geography, and the study of historical events. By connecting these different domains, you can better understand the dynamics that shape our society and the relationships between different nations, cultures, and individuals.

Political Systems and Governance

The study of political structures is foundational to social studies. It includes understanding different forms of government, such as democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship, and how they impact the lives of citizens. Key topics to focus on include:

• Citizenship: The rights and responsibilities of individuals within a state.
• Leadership: The role of leaders and decision-makers in governance.
• Election Systems: How leaders are selected and how voting systems work.

Economic Systems

Another significant aspect of social studies is the understanding of economic structures. This includes learning about different economic systems such as capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Key concepts to explore include:

• Supply and Demand: The relationship between the availability of goods and the desire for them.
• Trade and Commerce: The exchange of goods and services between nations and individuals.
• Economic Development: How countries grow economically and the challenges they face in doing so.

Preparing for the Nigerian History Section

Studying the history of Nigeria involves understanding the country’s rich past, from ancient civilizations to modern developments. Key events, figures, and societal changes form the backbone of this section. Success in this area requires not only memorization but also an understanding of the significance of historical milestones and how they shaped contemporary society.

Focus on critical periods such as pre-colonial Nigeria, the colonial era, independence, and the post-independence period. Understanding the causes and consequences of major events like the Nigerian Civil War, the nation’s independence movement, and the evolution of political systems is essential for mastering this section. It’s important to also be familiar with key leaders and their contributions to the country’s development.

Key Historical Periods to Study

To prepare effectively, break down Nigerian history into its key periods and focus on the most important events from each era:

• Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Study the various kingdoms, empires, and societies such as the Oyo Empire, Benin Kingdom, and the Hausa city-states.
• Colonial Nigeria: Understand the impact of British colonial rule, the formation of the country, and the introduction of new political and economic systems.
• Post-Independence Nigeria: Learn about the country’s journey post-independence, including military regimes, democratic transitions, and key political developments.

Famous Historical Figures

Another important area of focus is the influential figures in Nigerian history. Pay attention to:

• Nationalists: Key leaders such as Nnamdi Azikiwe, Obafemi Awolowo, and Ahmadu Bello, who played significant roles in Nigeria’s struggle for independence.
• Political Leaders: Understand the contributions of leaders like Olusegun Obasanjo, Muhammadu Buhari, and Goodluck Jonathan in shaping Nigeria’s post-independence political landscape.
• Revolutionaries: Study those who sought to transform Nigerian society through various movements and reforms.

How to Improve Your Writing Skills

Mastering the art of writing is a crucial skill that can significantly impact your academic and professional success. To write effectively, it is important to develop a strong foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and structure. Consistent practice, careful planning, and a focus on clarity will allow you to communicate your ideas more effectively and with greater confidence.

One of the best ways to improve is by regularly reading well-written texts. This helps you absorb different writing styles, vocabulary, and sentence structures. Additionally, writing frequently allows you to refine your skills, identify areas of weakness, and learn how to express your thoughts in a more organized and coherent manner.

Key Strategies for Enhancing Writing

• Expand Your Vocabulary: A rich vocabulary helps you articulate ideas more precisely and avoid repetition. Make it a habit to learn new words and their correct usage.
• Practice Writing Regularly: Set aside time to write each day, whether it’s journaling, composing essays, or crafting short stories. The more you write, the more you improve.
• Focus on Structure: Organize your writing clearly. Ensure that your ideas flow logically, with a strong introduction, well-developed body, and a concise conclusion.

Effective Writing Techniques

In addition to practicing regularly, there are specific techniques that can help you become a better writer:

• Outline Your Ideas: Before you begin writing, take a few minutes to organize your thoughts. An outline helps you stay focused and ensures that your writing follows a logical progression.
• Revise and Edit: Always review your work for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Editing is essential for polishing your writing and ensuring it’s clear and concise.
• Seek Feedback: Share your writing with others and ask for constructive feedback. This helps you identify areas where you can improve and encourages you to see your writing from different perspectives.

Best Resources for Revision

Effective revision requires using a variety of resources that cater to different learning styles and help reinforce key concepts. The right materials can significantly improve your understanding and retention of information, making it easier to perform well in assessments. Whether you prefer interactive platforms, textbooks, or video tutorials, a mix of these tools can provide a well-rounded approach to mastering the subjects.

In this section, we will highlight some of the best resources that can assist you in your preparation. These materials include books, online platforms, and practice tests that are designed to help you revise more efficiently and effectively.

Top Books and Textbooks

• Comprehensive Subject Textbooks: These books cover the full curriculum and provide in-depth explanations of important topics. They also include practice questions that can help you test your knowledge.
• Study Guides: Guides that break down complex topics into manageable sections, often with summaries, practice problems, and key terms highlighted for easy review.
• Past Papers: Reviewing previous years’ papers can give you a good sense of the format and types of content that often appear. This helps in better preparing for what to expect.

Online Resources for Interactive Learning

• Educational Websites: Websites like Khan Academy and Coursera offer free courses on a variety of subjects. These platforms are an excellent way to reinforce learning through video lessons and interactive quizzes.
• Mobile Apps: Apps such as Quizlet and Anki provide flashcards and practice quizzes that can help with memorizing key facts and formulas on the go.
• YouTube Channels: Channels dedicated to educational content, like CrashCourse and Ted-Ed, offer engaging videos that explain complex ideas in a simplified manner.

Practice Tests and Online Quizzes

• Online Mock Tests: Platforms like Exampro and Quizlet provide access to a wide variety of practice questions and mock tests. These simulate real test conditions and can help with time management.
• Interactive Quizzes: Websites offering interactive quizzes allow you to test your knowledge in real time, providing instant feedback on areas that need improvement.
• Peer Study Groups: Joining or forming a study group with classmates can allow you to quiz each other and fill in knowledge gaps collaboratively.

The Role of Past Questions in Preparation

Reviewing previous tests is an essential part of any study routine. By revisiting questions from prior years, you can familiarize yourself with the format, style, and types of content that are likely to appear. This practice not only helps you identify common themes but also allows you to understand how questions are structured, providing an edge when tackling similar ones in future assessments.

Moreover, engaging with past materials serves as an excellent tool for assessing your own progress. By comparing your answers with the correct solutions, you can pinpoint areas of weakness and focus your revision efforts on topics that require more attention. This focused approach helps you to avoid unnecessary stress while boosting confidence as you approach the actual task.

Benefits of Using Past Papers

• Familiarity with Structure: By practicing with previous questions, you gain a better understanding of the typical question formats, such as multiple-choice, short answer, or essay-style questions.
• Time Management: Past papers help you gauge how much time you should allocate to each section or question, improving your ability to complete tasks within the given time frame.
• Confidence Boost: Regular practice with past materials allows you to feel more at ease with the types of tasks that may arise, reducing anxiety during the actual assessment.

How to Make the Most of Past Materials

• Analyze Solutions: Don’t just review the questions–study the solutions as well. Understanding why a particular answer is correct is as important as knowing the correct response itself.
• Identify Patterns: Pay attention to recurring themes and topics. These patterns can give you insight into which areas are frequently tested and should be prioritized during your revision.
• Simulate Real Conditions: Try to complete the past papers under timed conditions. This practice helps to simulate the real environment, improving your ability to work efficiently under pressure.

Effective Group Study Techniques

Collaborative learning is one of the most efficient methods for mastering complex topics. Studying in a group allows individuals to share insights, explain concepts to one another, and learn from different perspectives. By engaging with peers, you gain access to diverse strategies and problem-solving techniques, enriching your overall understanding. However, to maximize the benefits, it is important to approach group study sessions with purpose and organization.

The key to successful group study lies in coordination. Setting clear goals, dividing topics among members, and ensuring active participation from all group members are essential for maintaining focus. A well-structured session will enable each member to contribute effectively, making the collective effort more productive and less overwhelming.

Key Strategies for Successful Group Study

• Assign Roles: Allocate specific tasks or topics to each participant. This ensures everyone has a clear responsibility, preventing distractions and fostering accountability.
• Focus on Active Learning: Encourage interactive discussions rather than passive reading. When each person explains a concept or answers a question, it reinforces their own understanding while helping others grasp the material more easily.
• Practice with Real-Life Scenarios: Simulate situations that require problem-solving and critical thinking. This helps to prepare for real-world applications and builds confidence in answering challenging tasks.

How to Stay Productive During Group Sessions

• Set a Timer: Use a timer to break the session into manageable intervals, such as 25 minutes of focused study followed by a 5-minute break. This promotes sustained concentration and reduces burnout.
• Eliminate Distractions: Ensure that everyone stays focused by minimizing distractions, such as phones or unrelated conversations. Consider using study apps that block social media or provide study aids.
• Review and Reflect: At the end of each session, take time to review what was learned and reflect on the progress made. This helps consolidate the material and reinforces retention.

What to Expect on the Test Day

The day of the assessment can be a mix of excitement and anxiety, but with proper preparation, it can be a smooth experience. Understanding what will happen on the day of the assessment and how to prepare for it can significantly reduce stress and boost confidence. On the test day, you will encounter various steps, from arriving at the venue to managing your time effectively during the session. Familiarizing yourself with the process ahead of time will help you focus on performing your best.

Here is a breakdown of what to expect:

• Arrival at the Venue: Ensure you arrive early to avoid rushing. Aim to be at the location well in advance so you can settle in and get comfortable with your surroundings. Double-check all required materials, such as identification, writing instruments, and any other permitted items.
• Checking In: Upon arrival, you will likely need to check in with the invigilators or exam staff. Be prepared to present any necessary documents or identification to confirm your registration. Keep calm during this process as it sets the tone for the rest of the session.
• Seating Arrangements: Once you’re checked in, you will be assigned a seat. Make sure to find your spot and settle in quickly. Avoid unnecessary distractions, such as speaking to others or leaving your seat, as this can affect your concentration.
• Instructions from the Invigilators: Before the assessment begins, there will be important instructions regarding the rules and procedures. Listen carefully to avoid any confusion. Make sure you understand the time limits, how to submit your responses, and what to do in case of any technical issues.

How to Stay Calm and Focused

• Breathing Exercises: Practice deep breathing exercises to calm your nerves before entering the room. Taking slow, deep breaths can help reduce anxiety and clear your mind.
• Positive Visualization: Visualize yourself performing well during the session. Focusing on success can help calm nerves and increase confidence as you begin the task.
• Stay Organized: Keep your materials organized and avoid rushing through any steps. Take your time, and ensure you follow all the instructions carefully. Staying organized will allow you to manage your time effectively and answer questions with clarity.

How to Stay Calm During the Test

Maintaining composure during a high-pressure situation is crucial for optimal performance. When faced with challenges, it’s easy to become anxious or overwhelmed, but staying calm will help you think clearly and work more efficiently. Developing strategies to manage stress and anxiety is key to improving your focus and confidence. By using a few simple techniques, you can stay calm and approach each task with a clear, level-headed mindset.

Techniques to Keep Calm

The following methods can help you reduce stress and stay in control throughout the session:

Technique	How It Helps
Deep Breathing	Inhale deeply through your nose, hold for a few seconds, and exhale slowly. This helps reduce anxiety and provides clarity of thought.
Positive Self-Talk	Encourage yourself with positive affirmations, such as “I can do this” or “I am prepared.” Positive thinking reduces stress and boosts confidence.
Time Management	Organize your time carefully, tackling easier tasks first to build momentum. This will keep you from feeling rushed and overwhelmed.
Take Short Breaks	If allowed, take a brief pause to relax your mind. Stretch or close your eyes for a moment to reset your focus.

Handling Difficult Moments

It’s normal to encounter challenging parts during a task. When this happens, remember to:

• Stay Focused: Don’t let difficult questions derail your concentration. Skip over tough items and return to them later when your mind is fresh.
• Keep a Steady Pace: Avoid rushing through tasks in a panic. A calm, steady approach allows you to think more clearly and find the right answers.